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kotlinlang

besides `lateinit`, all properties of a class need to be initialized when the object is constructed, right?

By something, yes. `lateinit` and `by lazy {}` are ways to supply the initial value later. Technically `by lazy {}` initializes the property up front, but with a property delegate, where the effective value is determined later by evaluating the lambda.

we can initialize them at declaration in the class body, inlined into the primary constructor, in the secondary constructor if there is no primary constructor and inside an init block

Those are certainly the big ones. I cannot think of any other scenarios, but there are enough dusty corners of Kotlin syntax that there might be one that I'm forgetting. :grin:

One thing is that people coming from Java might not consider a property having the value `null` as initialized but in Kotlin even a nullable property won't by default have the value of `null` .
So initializing them with `null` would also count as initializing a property.