Does freezing typically occur only when objects are passed across thread boundaries? Or are there other cases?

Thread boundaries, top level stuff, and manual call to

freeze()

. I think that's all

mind that, some libraries may freeze arguments you pass to them and that may freeze some of your classes as they may work on different threads, also return values are typically frozen

I once had a bug where everything froze because I was passing some data class containing a list of items to another thread and I accidentally put an actual list I was using in there instead of a copy of the actual list… It’s often unclear. I basically have

ensureNeverFrozen()

calls in all constructors of everything in my model layer now (repositories and services)

Having spent a few days evaluating this, I'm going to hold off on Kotlin Native until the new memory model is ready.